Sept 2 – Sept 5 – Montana Landscape and planned stops on the way to Glacier National Park

We have loved South Dakota, and we are moving northwesterly with Glacier National Park (northwest Montana) as our goal.  On the way, there are several planned stops:

Devils Tower - Wyoming

Kris saw Devils Tower in 1991 when she took the kids cross country, but Tom was not on that leg of the trip.  It was his turn to see this marvel.  

We were a little worried as we approached the tower because the forest fires in the area were throwing considerable smoke our way.   


The name Devil’s Tower comes from a mistaken translation of a conversation with a native speaker during a military expedition in 1875.

The view improved as we got closer.  
Devils Tower was the nation’s first national monument (different than a national park), so named in 1906.  It was formed 50 million years ago when molten magma was trapped in the earth’s crust.  It stands 865 feet from the base to the top.  Approximately 1.5 vertical miles of rock and sediment have washed away since the tower formed.  Geological estimates place the tower at greater than 50 million years old, although it is likely that erosion uncovered the formation only 1-2 million years ago.

The native legend that explains the rock formation goes like this:  An Indian tribe was camped by the river and seven girls were playing in the distance.  A bear began to chase the girls and just before the bear could catch them, the girls jumped up onto a rock and prayed to the rock.  The rock heard the girls’ prayers and elongated itself upwards, pushing the girls out of danger.  The bear clawed on the sides of the rock as it grew, attempting to reach the girls.  The claw marks explain the vertical parallel cracks.   

This is a very popular climbing location.  
The first known ascent was in 1893.  
There are numerous climbing routes, ranging in difficulty.  





















We watched a climber reach the top, as well as others in progress, and spoke with a team that had just completed their assent.  This is an activity to which neither of us aspires.




We walked the loop trail all the way around the rock.  The trail brings you quite close to the start of a climbing area, where you get a feel for how imposing the rock is.  The park rules are that anyone can free-climb the boulders surrounding the bottom of the rock, and a permit is required to climb any higher than the bolder field.
















Moving out of Wyoming and into Montana, there is something for everyone .... almost.  Rocks, rolling hills, 'big sky', but no water.  It is very dry, partially explaining all the fires.













The grain silos are shaped a bit differently than home

Moving on to the next stop:

Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument

This turned out to be a very interesting site.  It is somber, contemplative and interestingly stark.  The National Park Service and the Craw nation collaborate to provide information about the events that took place on this battlefield in 1876.  

The battle, known to the plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and to non-native Americans as Custer’s Last Stand, was an overwhelming victory for the native warriors, who were fighting for their very lifestyle. 

The battle (particularly Custer’s actions) has been studied extensively. 
There is a mass grave with the re-interred remains of the cavalry troops, but the more interesting markers throughout the battlefield are the markers of where the soldiers fell.   The troops scattered about, and ended up fighting, and falling literally back to back.  Their markers are planted back to back

The way that much of this information became available was following a wildfire in 1983 that spread across the battlefield.  Following the fire, many relics, bullets, and other materials became visible.  Archeologists and forensic experts descended on the facility and our park ranger described it as a ‘big CSI investigation’.  Quite a bit more was learned about the positions of the troops, by the trajectory of the bullets etc. 

There is even a grave for 39 horses.  The soldiers would shoot their horse, then use the dead animal as cover as there was no natural cover in the area.   That didn’t work very well ... for either party.

Indian descendants of the battle participants helped form the vision of the Indian Memorial.  

The theme of the memorial is ‘Peace Through Unity”.  

The seeds for peace and reconciliation were sown in 1926, when survivors and former adversaries gathered on the battlefield, shook hands, exchanged gifts, and politically buried the hatchet.  




The memorial carries this sculpture, and many biographical profiles of the key Indian leaders and warriors that participated in the battle.

Moving on ....
We stopped for lunch in a random small town, parking in front of the post office.  The whole town was a great example of rural Western architecture.   Many small towns look like this:
















Moving on to the next stop:

Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center 

We learned some about the Lewis and Clark expedition in, possibly 4th grade, but not much since then, so this was a great stop to learn more about it.  The 1806 expedition was an extraordinary feat as the first European explorers in the new territory.  The primary purpose of their exploration was to locate a navigable route from the Missouri river to the Pacific Ocean, “The Great Northwest passage”.  

It was a 28-month long expedition, taking 44 men who were chosen for specific mission critical skills.  We got a kick out of the recruiting advertisement:  
“Wanted:  Healthy, robust, young men to explore Missouri River.  Preferably unmarried.  Special consideration given to boatmen, blacksmiths, gunsmiths and hunters.  Must be willing to risk death.  Salary $5 per month.  Gentlemen’s sons need not apply.”
That wouldn't fly today!

Both Lewis and Clark kept extensive journals recording travel distances, navigational measurements, topographical data, ethnography, mineral and plant resources.  Other men also kept diaries of the journey.  As with most 19^th century writers, they spelled words the way they sounded, with little concern for consistency.  For example, Clark spelled “Sioux” 27 different ways, without ever spelling it correctly.

About 1600 miles into the trip, they set up a winter camp in what is now North Dakota, and recruited a 44-year-old French Canadian trapper, Toussaint Charbonneau, to serve as an interpreter.  He brought along his pregnant 16-year-old wife, Sacagawea, who ultimately played a key role in the expedition as a translator, guide, and expert in back country survival.

One of the treacherous falls that were navigated (by portage), has now been dammed for hydroelectricity.



A short walk from the Lewis and Clark museum was the Giant Spring.  This was a well-known site to the natives as the water temperature is a constant 54 degrees making it an ideal location for winter camps.  

Lewis and Clark documented finding the springs in 1805. Geologists have determined that the water that flows here originates about 400 feet below the surface.  


The overlying rock layers force the water upward through the overlying sandstone.  It takes 50 years for water to flow from their origin (over 50 miles away) to these springs. 


The water is so clean and so fresh, there are many aquatic plants that live in the water.  






Over 150 MILLION gallons of water flows through the springs … every DAY … into the Missouri River. 
The Springs are now a State Park.




Cliff swallows nest in the area – they migrate enormous distances – ranging from Artic regions to the tip of South America. 











More Montana - we saw miles and miles of it.  It's a BIG state!


















And onto the next Montana stop:

Pompey’s Pillar National Moinument

This 150 foot tall  pillar is a massive sandstone outcropping that because of its geographical location relative to Yellowstone River, it has been a celebrated landmark and outstanding observation point for more than 11,000 years of human occupation.  
It is also a bit of a journal of the American west, as it has hundreds of petroglyphs, markings and signatures. The most notable visitor was Captain William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition, who signed the pillar in 1806.  His signature (protected now) is visible to this day.

The tower was named by Captain Clark after Jean Baptists Charbonneau, the son of Sacagawea (native guide and translator who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition), who Clark had nicknamed ‘Pompy’.
There are now platforms and steps leading to the top where the view that Lewis, Clark and other explorers did see.
Within the national monument visitor center was a wonderful collection of original western art paintings by James Kenneth Ralston.  

That was a wonderful bonus stop on our trip!  Thank you H.T. and Carol for the recommendation.

And we keep driving across Montana with one more stop before Glacier National Park. Another frequent sighting while driving down the road, are abandoned homesteads.  As part of the travel experience, we read books about and/or written by homesteaders and pioneers.  The stories are interesting, and coupled with some of the poignant ‘broken dreams’ sights, make us think … 









And then, there's always more rocks









And that brings us to the last stop before Glacier:

CM Russell Museum

No trip to Great Falls involving an art lover would be complete without a visit to the CM Russell Museum.  There are over 2000 paintings and artifacts relating to CM Russell, as well as traveling exhibits of other artists who specialize in Western Art.








We have been following the news about wildfires in Glacier National Park with some concern.  This was a high priority stop for us.  For the third time in our married years we have tried to see Glacier and have been ‘weathered out’ each time.  This is our third and possibly last try to see Glacier.  Tomorrow’s plan is to drive to East Glacier where we are scheduled to pick up a rental car to tour the parts of the park that cannot be reached by motorhome.  We'll see what tomorrow brings!

Night Night

Next post – Glacier National Park  ... or not

Aug 25 – Sept 2 – South Dakota - Part 6 – Gold Mining

We’ve seen the gold rush story in Alaska and in California, but the gold rush in South Dakota was a whopper. 

There were rumors in the 1850’s that there was gold in the South Dakota Black Hills.  That land was owned by the Sioux, by treaty with the United States Government. Settlers were not permitted to live and/or work in Indian territory. General Custer was sent to South Dakota in 1974 to find a location for a fort and to investigate rumors of gold.   He traveled with a very large staff (he apparently was high maintenance), including two news reporters. 

When the party verified the existence of gold in “them thar hills”, the news reporters trotted into town and released the story to the newspapers, the word spread like wildfire, and the gold rush was on.

In 1875 the population in Deadwood ‘city’ exploded from near 0 to over 5000 people, mostly men, living in a lawless Lakota Sioux Territory illegally.  

There were gold claims about every 60 feet along the river, and many more claims up in the hills.  

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Many people moved to the town to start businesses to ‘mine the miners’.  It became a very multicultural town, with many immigrants seeking their own fortune either through mining or auxiliary businesses.  

There were Norwegian gold miners, Chinese merchants (picture of Wong Family – prosperous merchants) and German Jewish immigrants who were grocers and bankers.  

From language, monies, tools, cuisines, and religions, Deadwood became an unlikely international mixing bowl.

The streets were a stinky mess, overflowing rivers of mud, animal waste, emptied chamber pots, and garbage.  People said you could smell the town from miles away.

The Chuck Wagon was invented by Charles Goodnight, a Texas cattleman.  It was a rolling kitchen, pantry and storeroom capable of feeding a dozen cowboys three meals a day.  

The bed of the wagon held enough provisions for feeding twelve men for a month – bacon, salt, pork, beans, rice, coffee, flour, dried fruit, sugar and lard.  The wagon also held horseshoes, branding irons and stacks of bedrolls.

We watched the re-enactment of the bar room shooting of Wild Bill Hickok.  That was fun (as viewers of the re-enactment).  The actor paying Wild Bill talked about his life history, and how he came to be living in Deadwood.   Hickok was a former gunfighter and lawman who arrived in Deadwood by stagecoach having travelled with Calamity Jane.  He was playing poker in Saloon Number 10 when disgruntled miner Jack McCall walked in and shot Wild Bill in the back of his head, killing him instantly (origin of Deadman’s hand).  The shooting may have been related to a prior gambling encounter.  McCall was tried by a jury of fellow coal miners and found not guilty.  This verdict was thrown out by a court in Yankton, the territory capital, because Deadwood was an Indian territory not covered under the United States legal system.  It was Sioux territory.  When McCall was properly re-tried, he was found guilty and hanged, then buried with the noose still around his neck.

The Mount Moriah Cemetery is the current official Cemetery of Deadwood.  It is also named Boot Hill.  The original cemetery was near main street in town, but that turned out not to be a good location. 

 In 1878, the bodies were dug up and re-buried in the new Mount Moriah Cemetery.  Occasionally (as recently as 2012), construction crews unearth previously buried remains near the old original cemetery site.  There are currently about 3400 people buried in Boot Hill.

Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane, as well as many other notables are buried here.  

 

This building is the ‘bones’ of the old “Slime Plant”, now repurposed into a restaurant, casino, hotel and entertainment venue.  

The Slime Plant operated for over 60 years using a cyanide process to glean gold from the ore.  

It was terrible toxic work.

To this day, there are homes in Deadwood with rooves constructed with the lids from the old used cyanide canisters.

Just a few miles from Deadwood, is the town of Lead (pronounced Leed).  It was here that in 1877, George Hearst (Father to William Randolph Hearst, (great-grandfather to Patti Hearst), purchased the Claim that became the Homestake Gold Mine.  

The Homestake turned into one of the richest gold mines in the world, reaching a depth of 8000 feet, and operating for 126 years.  The mine was the largest and deepest gold mine in North America.   Stock shares in Homestake were traded on the NYSE starting in 1879 and the Homestake  became one of the longest listed stocks in the history of the NYSE. 

It was an open pit hard rock mining operation where miners, ore and equipment rode to the surface in cage like elevators.  The ore was crushed into a fine powder and processed with cyanide to extract the gold.  Over 1000 workers went underground every day.  There were 331 miles of linked railways.  41 MILLION ounces of gold were refined out of the facility from 167 million tons of removed ore.  There is still gold in the mine, but the mine has been retired and re-purposed.  The gold will not be extracted.

The mine closed in 2001 due to low gold prices, poor ore quality, and high operating costs.

The old Homestake mine was selected by the National Science Foundation to be repurposed into what is now the Sanford Underground Research Facility for leading edge physical science research.  They are building the world’s largest dark matter and neutrino experimental center.  Dr. Ray Davis, a chemist who conducted basic research on neutrinos at this research center, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002 for his work done at Sanford.

Today, Deadwood and Lead are fun tour towns, contemporized, filled with shops, other on-street shooting re-enactments, and made-to look old attractions, scattered among some of the original well preserved buildings and an occasional closed mine pit.

 Night night.Next Post - Bye Bye South Dakota, hello Wyoming and Montana.